![]() ![]() An example of the latter is the First Person Shooter Task (FPST) that assesses spontaneous aggressive responses toward members of minority groups (Correll et al., 2002). Traditional explicit measures of negative attitudes toward outgroup members are more vulnerable to social desirability than indirect and implicit measures (see de Houwer, Teige-Mocigemba, Spruyt, & Moors, 2009 Dovidio, Kawakami, Johnson, Johnson, & Howard, 1997 for meta-analyses see Eagly & Chaiken, 1998 Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, & Banaji, 2009). In the current experiment we aimed: (1) to examine implicit associations of threat toward targets looking stereotypically “oriental” in a shooter video game (see Correll, Park, Judd, & Wittenbrink, 2002) and (2), to test whether a presumably harmless companion dog reduces the shooter bias toward oriental-looking targets. ( 2012) showed that targets presented with stereotypical Muslim paraphernalia (beard and turban) were evaluated as being more unreliable and dangerous compared to targets without such attributes. Is the mere appearance of a person looking “oriental”, and thus the mere association with Islam, sufficient to elicit intergroup bias? A study by Harsanyi et al. More than half of Europeans (54.4%) believe that Islam is a religion of intolerance and threat (Zick, Küpper, & Wolf, 2010), and that Arab immigrants are fanatical, violent, and unwilling to integrate into the host societies (PEW Research Center, 2011). Possible reasons for the growing prejudice and hostility against ethnic groups associated with Islam (e.g., toward Turkish, Arab or African people) are inter alia the rise of right-wing nationalism in European politics, coordinated terrorist attacks that happened in the last decade, and most recently, the refugee crisis in European countries driven by millions of asylum-seekers from the Middle East and Africa. One prominent example is the formation of Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamization of the West (PEGIDA) in 2015, spreading from Germany to the rest of Europe. Although Muslims have been living in Germany and other European countries for generations and make up the majority of immigrants (PEW Research Center, 2017), a rise of anti-Muslim populism is currently observed in Germany and other European societies (International Center for Watching Violation of Rights, 2015).
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